The Triangulum Galaxy Astrophotography | 1000+ Hours on M33
The Triangulum Galaxy is a bright spiral galaxy in the constellation Triangulum. It is one of the most popular objects for beginner amateur astrophotographers.
Object Designation: M33
Also known as: The Triangulum Galaxy
Constellation: Triangulum
Object type: Spiral Galaxy
Distance: 2,300,000 light-years away
Magnitude: 5.7
Discovered in: 1764
Like the Andromeda Galaxy, the Triangulum Galaxy is visible with the naked eye, in extremely dark skies far from any light pollution. As we explained in Episode 4 of Galactic Hunter, the Andromeda galaxy is doomed to crash with our own, the Milky Way. M33's fate is no better. The Triangulum galaxy will get stuck in the gravitational pull of the impact, and orbit the new Milkomeda until finally crashing into it. In the end, our Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy, and the Triangulum galaxy... will only be one.
M33 is the second apparent largest, and brightest galaxy to photograph in the night sky.
The Triangulum galaxy fits perfectly in a telescope that has a focal length of 800mm and a good result can be achieved with just 1-3 hours of exposure depending on the camera. We recommend doing 5+ minute exposures in order to capture faint details, including the huge NGC 604 in one of the spiral arms of M33.
The Triangulum Galaxy Astrophotography Collaboration (1,000 hours!)
November 2024
In the Fall of 2024, 25 people with telescopes at Starfront Observatories in Texas, including myself, imaged the Triangulum Galaxy. Several different telescopes, cameras and filters were used to gather as much data possible on the chosen target, M33. The final image is a combination of LRGB+H+O data that totals exactly 1002 hours and 40 seconds.
The processing was done by Bray Falls. You should check out the full Astrobin page to see the image in high resolution, all the details, information, and participants for this project!
The Triangulum Galaxy with a Cooled One-Shot-Color (OSC) Camera
July 20, 2020
In July 2020, we took a trip to a Bortle 3/4 site in Landers, California. You can watch our fun video about that weekend HERE.
We used the exact same telescope to capture Messier 33 again as from our last attempt!
The main difference here was the camera. Instead of using our Canon 7D Mark II DSLR camera, we used the QHY128C which is a cooled One-Shot-Color camera. We unboxed and reviewed this camera on our YouTube channel and show you a lot of images taken with it!
As you can see in the image below, the result is fantastic! What blew my mind is the fact that this was only 70 minutes of total exposure, while our image with a DSLR camera was more than 3 hours!
GEAR USED:
Camera: QHYCCD 128C
Telescope: 8" Astrograph f/3.9
Guiding: ZWO ASI 290MM Mini
Processing: Pixinsight
ACQUISITION DETAILS:
Total Exposure Time: 1 hours and 10 minutes
Exposure Time per frame: 600 seconds
Filters: ZWO IR Cut Filter
Gain: 3200
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The Triangulum Galaxy with an Unmodified DSLR Camera
November 2016
In 2016, we imaged Messier 33 with our new unmodified DSLR camera: the Canon 7D Mark II. We spent three hours capturing this object from a Bortle 4 zone and, on the same night, recorded Episode 5 of Galactic Hunter! Make sure to watch the video to see exactly how we photographed this target from start to finish!
GEAR USED:
Camera: Canon 7D Mark II
Telescope: 8" Astrograph f/3.9
Mount: Equatorial Motorized Mount
Guiding: Autoguider - 50mm Guide Scope
Processing: Pixinsight
ACQUISITION DETAILS:
Total Exposure Time: 3.1 hours
Exposure Time per frame: 6 minutes
31 lights - 15 Darks - 15 Bias
ISO: 800
How to Find the Triangulum Galaxy
The Triangulum galaxy lies in the Triangulum constellation. The problem is, the Triangulum constellation is pretty dim, and using the Andromeda constellation, or Pegasus, to find the galaxy is the easier option.
As we said earlier, the Triangulum galaxy can be spotted with the naked eye, in extremely dark skies, far from any light pollution.
The easiest way to locate Messier 33 is to first find the Andromeda Galaxy (red oval shape on the top right of the map above). Once you have M31 in your sight, notice the distance between the galaxy and the star Mirach, and match that distance on the opposite side of this bright star.
Even under very dark skies, the galaxy is difficult to see with the unaided eye, but a pair of binoculars will easily reveal a blurry patch of light in the sky. Using a telescope will allow you to see the core, and make out some details within the arms.
Wide-field Astrophotography of Messier 33
Although not as impressive as M31, M42, or M45, the Triangulum galaxy is still a good target for wide-field photography.
Make sure to click on each picture to get a better view! You can easily see the shape of the Triangulum galaxy, with its bright core and beautiful spiral arms!
On the left is our photo of both the Andromeda Galaxy (right, middle) and the Triangulum Galaxy (left, bottom), in the same frame using a 50mm lens. We spent 4 hours on the imaging, with our good old Canon t3i attached to an iOptron SkyTracker.
This second image (right) is a cropped version of M33, taken from the full wide field photo but using a different processing method (Although it seems like I forgot to use SCNR during the processing workflow to take off the green color).
GEAR USED:
Camera: Canon T3i (600D)
Lens: Canon 50mm f/1.8
Mount: iOptron SkyTracker
Processing: Pixinsight
ACQUISITION DETAILS:
Total Exposure Time: 4 hours
ISO: 800
Single Shot & Processing of M33
When talking about processing, the Triangulum Galaxy has a similar difficulty level to the Andromeda Galaxy, although if you have already imaged and processed M31 with an 8" or bigger telescope, you will find M33 to be a little easier.
This time, the galaxy is not too large that you can easily distinguish the dark sky with the nebulosity, making your background neutralization tasks much less tricky than with M31. The key here is to get as much of the arms as possible, without overdoing it. As you can see in our main image, each arm is pretty well revealed, but pushing the software a little more would have made some bright, nonexistent haze visible just around the galaxy.
Below is what a 6-minute single shot of the target looks like with our unmodified DSLR camera. You can see a lot of details around the core, but not so much in the spiral arms. This changes once you stack everything!
A Deep Sky Object Within a Deep Sky Object
When staring at our main photo of the Triangulum Galaxy, I wondered what that white little patch was in one of the arms. I thought it was a blown-out part from the processing until I did some research and realized it was NGC 604: One of the largest nebulae in our entire local group! To give you an idea of its size, it is 40 times the size of the Orion Nebula...
Below you can see our cropped photo of M33, with Hubble's image of NGC 604 where the nebula is located.
Galactic Hunter Episode 5 - The Triangulum Galaxy
The Triangulum Galaxy was the winner of Episode 4's votes, so it was in the center of the fifth episode of Galactic Hunter!
Final Thoughts
To conclude, The Triangulum Galaxy is one of the most impressive galaxies in the night sky. It is a great target for beginners, and we would recommend you give it a go after having imaged the easy trio (M45, M42, M31). Make sure to spend enough time on it, and do not overdo the processing! You can also give this target a go at wide-field photography, just make sure to include the Andromeda Galaxy if using a 50mm lens or smaller.
Clear Skies,
Antoine & Dalia Grelin
Galactic Hunter
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